Journal: The Journal of International Medical Research

Article Title: Effects of neuromuscular blocking drugs on viability of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs)

doi: 10.1177/0300060520910888

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of suxamethonium chloride, vecuronium, atracurium besylate, and rocuronium bromide on survivability of human umbilical vein endothelial cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation.

Article Snippet: The effects of suxamethonium chloride (Lysthenon forte 2% 100 mg; Actavis Drugs Company, Istanbul, Turkey), vecuronium bromure (Norcuron 4 mg/ampoule; Schering Plough Company, MSD, Istanbul, Turkey), atracurium besylate (CURAMED Pharma GmbH, Karlsruhe Germany), and rocuronium bromide (Esmeron 50 mg/5 mL/ampoule, Esmeron® 50 mg/5 mL; Organon, Oss, Holland) were studied.

Techniques: Standard Deviation

Journal: American Journal of Physiology - Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology

Article Title: Nerve transfer for restoration of lower motor neuron-lesioned bladder, urethral, and anal sphincter function in a dog model. Part 3. nicotinic receptor characterization

doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00273.2022

Figure Lengend Snippet: Summary of treatment responses in muscle strips from control, Decentralized, and obturator nerve transfer reinnervated bladders

Article Snippet: Atracurium besylate was obtained from LKT Laboratories, Inc. (No. A7668, St. Paul, MN).

Techniques: Control, Membrane, Transmission Assay

Journal: American Journal of Physiology - Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology

Article Title: Nerve transfer for restoration of lower motor neuron-lesioned bladder, urethral, and anal sphincter function in a dog model. Part 3. nicotinic receptor characterization

doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00273.2022

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of neuromuscular nicotinic receptor antagonism on epibatidine-induced strip contractions. A : responses to 10 µM epibatidine after treatment with vehicle or 5 µM neuromuscular nicotinic receptor antagonist atracurium in strips from control (male and female), Decentralized (female), and obturator-to-pelvic nerve transfer reinnervated (ObNT-Reinn, female) bladders. B – D : responses to 10 µM epibatidine before and after treatment with vehicle (open circles) or treatment with the neuromuscular nicotinic receptor antagonist tubocurarine at 0.1 µM, 1 µM, or 10 µM (closed circles) in strips from control ( B ), Decentralized ( C ), and ObNT-Reinn ( D ) bladders. Responses are expressed as percentages of KCl response. Data for each treatment was compared with its vehicle results. N = number of bladders, and n = number of strips per group, with specifics indicated in the figure. Data in A – D are presented as medians (interquartile ranges, IQR). When no error bars are seen, they are smaller than the symbols. * P < 0.05 and ** P < 0.01 compared with vehicle treatment.

Article Snippet: Atracurium besylate was obtained from LKT Laboratories, Inc. (No. A7668, St. Paul, MN).

Techniques: Stripping Membranes, Control

Journal: American Journal of Physiology - Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology

Article Title: Nerve transfer for restoration of lower motor neuron-lesioned bladder, urethral, and anal sphincter function in a dog model. Part 3. nicotinic receptor characterization

doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00273.2022

Figure Lengend Snippet: Summary diagram of the sympathetic and parasympathetic input to the bladder wall, distribution of nicotinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptor (nAChR) subtypes, and responses to nAChR agonist and antagonist treatments in bladder muscle strips from control ( A ), Decentralized ( B ), and Obturator nerve transfer reinnervated (ObNT-Reinn; C ) animals. A , left : sympathetic innervation originates from preganglionic neurons in lumbar (L)1-L2 spinal cord segments. Their axons synapse in the caudal mesenteric ganglia (CMG) and then emanate to the bladder wall via the hypogastric nerve (which also sends axons to the pelvic ganglion). Parasympathetic innervation originates from preganglionic neurons in the L7-sacral (S)3 spinal cord segments. Their axons synapse in the pelvic ganglion on postganglionic neurons whose axons synapse on neurons in intramural ganglia in the bladder. Inset : enlargement of an intramural ganglion. In that ganglion, postganglionic parasympathetic axonal terminals from pelvic ganglia [neuronal (ganglionic) nAChR subtype] synapse on the intramural neuronal cell bodies. The intramural neurons are also of neuronal (ganglionic) nAChR subtype, with neuromuscular nAChR subtype on their terminals. Na + channels shown on axons. Activation of nAChR on nerve terminals by epibatidine (agonist), releases the neurotransmitter ACh, which stimulates muscarinic ACh receptors (mAChRs) on the bladder smooth muscle causing contraction. Antagonism of 1 ) prejunctional neuronal (α3β4) nAChRs by hexamethonium, mecamylamine, or SR 16548; 2 ) neuromuscular nAChRs by atracurium or tubocurarine; or 3 ) mAChR by atropine, inhibit epibatidine-induced contractions. However, blockade of Na + channels on axons by tetrodotoxin (TTX) did not inhibit epibatidine induced activity. B , left: bladder was decentralized by bilateral transection of all sacral roots, dorsal roots of L7, and hypogastric nerves. Inset : relocation of prejunctional neuronal (α3β4) nAChRs from intramural ganglion nerve terminals to their axons, making their activity dependent on action potentials, supported by our findings that Na + channel blockade by TTX inhibited epibatidine induced activity in these bladder strips. The neuromuscular nAChRs location and antagonism remained like controls. C , left : reinnervation surgery of the bladder was performed by the transfer and suture of obturator nerve to pelvic nerve. Inset : neuropathological changes in nAChR function or location associated with bladder decentralization were not ameliorated after the ObNT-Reinn surgery. Created with BioRender.com.

Article Snippet: Atracurium besylate was obtained from LKT Laboratories, Inc. (No. A7668, St. Paul, MN).

Techniques: Control, Activation Assay, Activity Assay